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Technical Introduction of Feed Ingredients Composition Database (FICD)

Feed Ingredients Composition Database involves the compilation of reliable information from a variety of documents and databases, and data obtained from the network of industry contacts in the feed industry in Asia and in Latin America on the chemical composition and nutritive value of about 300 feed ingredients used in aquaculture feeds in Asia. The database provides average key values for each ingredient. Most values in this database are the average values of many different data sources. The databases through a web-based interface that allows users to export the data in the format of CSV compatible with common feed formulation programs used by Asian feed manufacturers (Best Mix™, Format, etc.).

The data sources used in this database included information from published papers, books and online database. The major books and online sources are listed as the following.

Major references as sources of information:

1.         Abu, O. A., Tewe, O. O., Losel, D. M., & Onifade, A. A. (2000). Changes in lipid, fatty acids and protein composition of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) after solid-state fungal fermentation. Bioresource Technology, 72, 189–192. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)90102-5

2.         Adams, R. S., Kephart, K. B., Ishler, V. A., Hutchinson, L. J., & Roth, G. W. (1993). Mold and mycotoxin problems in livestock feeding. Penn State College of Agriculture Sciences, 1–17. Retrieved from http://crbh.psu.edu/das/research-extension/dairy/nutrition/pdf/mold.pdf

3.         ADM, Feed ingredients catalog. http://www.adm.com/en-US/products/Documents/ADM-Feed-Ingredients-Catalog.pdf

4.         Arnold, L. K., & Choudhury, R. B. R. (1961). The fatty acid composition of cottonseed oil at various stages of solvent extraction. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 38(2), 87–88. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02633906

5.         ARRAINA (Advanced Research Initiatives for Nutrition & Aquaculture), 2015. Feed Ingredients in Aquaculture 1st Technical Booklet. http://www.sparos.pt/index.php/en/resources/booklet_alternative_ingredients

6.         Aventine Renewable Energy Inc. (2003). PEKIN BREWERS DRIED YEAST 43 - P Nutritional Information, 3. Provide by Lukas Manomaitis, U.S. Soybean Export Council (USSEC),USSEC SEA Technical Director - Aquaculture.

7.         Becha, B. B., & Devi, S. S. (2013). Aflatoxin Levels in Feeds and Feed Ingredients of Livestock and Poultry in Kerala. J.Vet.Anim.Sci.44, 76–78.

8.         Behrman, E. J., & Gopalan, V. (2005). Cholesterol and Plants. Journal of Chemical Education, 82(12), 1791. http://doi.org/10.1021/ed082p1791

9.         Bell, J. G., McEvoy, J., Tocher, D. R., McGhee, F., Campbell, P. J., & Sargent, J. R. (2001). Replacement of Fish Oil with Rapeseed Oil in Diets of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Affects Tissue Lipid Compositions and Hepatocyte Fatty Acid Metabolism. The Journal of Nutrition, 131(5), 1535–1543.

10.     Belyea, R. (2004). Composition of corn and distillers dried grains with solubles from dry grind ethanol processing. Bioresource Technology, 94(3), 293–298. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.01.001

11.     Bigogno, C., Khozin-Goldberg, I., Boussiba, S., Vonshak, A., & Cohen, Z. (2002). Lipid and fatty acid composition of the green oleaginous alga Parietochloris incisa, the richest plant source of arachidonic acid. Phytochemistry, 60, 497–503. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00100-0

12.     Binder, E. M., Tan, L. M., Chin, L. J., Handl, J., & Richard, J. (2007). Worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in commodities, feeds and feed ingredients. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 137, 265–282. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.005

13.     Blagovi, B., Rup, J., Mesari, M., Georgi, K., & Mari, V. (2001). Lipid Composition of Brewer ’ s Yeast. Food Technol. Biotechnol., 39(3), 175–181.

14.     Blasi, D., Kuhl, G. L., Drouillard, J. S., Reed, C. L., Dionisia, M. T., Behnke, K. C., & Fairchild, F. J. (1998). Wheat Middlings - Compoisition, Feed Value and Storage Guidelines. Kansas State University Research and Extension. Retrieved from http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/pubs/MF2353.pdf

15.     Blasi, D., Kuhl, G. L., Drouillard, J. S., Reed, C. L., Dionisia, M. T., Behnke, K. C., & Fairchild, F. J. (1998). Wheat Middlings - Compoisition, Feed Value and Storage Guidelines. Kansas State University Research and Extension. Retrieved from http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/pubs/MF2353.pdf

16.     Bureau,D.P. (2007). Fish Meal Replacement-opportunities for rendered products (Table 3 and table 5). https://d10k7k7mywg42z.cloudfront.net/assets/4d90dcdfdabe9d7a9b00004d/fishmealreplacement.pdf

17.     Burkwall Jr., M., P. & Glass, R.L. (1965). The fatty acids of wheat and its milled products. Cereal Chemistry 42, 236-246.

18.     Calhoun, M.C. Cottonseed Meal and Whole Cottonseed : Optimizing Their Use in Dairy Cattle Rations. Emeritus Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Texas A & M University System San Angelo , TX., 1–30. http://cottonseed.org/publications/Cottonseed%20Meal%20and%20Whole%20Cottonseed.pdf

19.     Camara, M., Del Valle, M., Torija M.E., Castilho, C. (2013). Fatty acid composition of tomato pomace. In Proceedings of 7th International Symposium on Processing Tomato, Ed.by Hartz, T.K., Acta Hort 542, ISHS 2001, pp.175-181.

20.     Castell, A. G., Guenter, W., & Igbasan, F. A. (1996). Nutritive value of peas for nonruminant diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 60, 209–227. http://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(96)00979-0

21.     Chempro. Fatty acid composition of some major oils. Top-Notch technology in production of oils and fats. Retrieved from http://www.chempro.in/fattyacid.htm

22.     Cheng, Z. J., & Hardy, R. W. (2002). Apparent digestibility coefficients and nutritional value of cottonseed meal for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 212(1-4), 361–372. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00260-0

23.     Chiba, L. I. (2009). Diet Formulation & Common Feed Ingredients. Animal Nutrition Handbook, 481–531.

24.     Chiba, L.I. (2014). Diet Formulation and Common Feed Ingredients in Animal Nutrition Handbook, Section 18: Diet Formulation & Feed Ingredients, pp. 575–633.

25.     Chin, L.J., & Tan, L.M. (2006). High occurrence of mycotoxins in Asian feedstuffs. Feed Tech, 13–16.

26.     Chowdhury, K., Banu, L.A, Khan, S., & Latif, A. (2007). Studies on the Fatty Acid Composition of Edible Oil. Bangladesh Journal Science Ind. Research, 42(3), 311–316.

27.     Clarke, E., & Wiseman, J. (2007). Effects of extrusion conditions on trypsin inhibitor activity of full fat soybeans and subsequent effects on their nutritional value for young broilers. British Poultry Science, 48(6), 703–12. http://doi.org/10.1080/00071660701684255

28.     Clements, S. R., & Darnell, B. (1980). Myo-inositol development content of common of a high-myo-inositol foods : The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 33, 1954–1967.

29.     Copeman, L. a., Stoner, A. W., Ottmar, M. L., Daly, B., Parrish, C. C., & Eckert, G. L. (2012). Total Lipids, Lipid Classes, and Fatty Acids of Newly Settled Red King Crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus): Comparison of Hatchery-Cultured and Wild Crabs. Journal of Shellfish Research, 31(1), 153–165. http://doi.org/10.2983/035.031.0119

30.     CVB. (2009). Feeding standards, feeding advices and nutritional values of feeding ingredients, 34. Retrieved from http://www.pdv.nl/downloads/voederwaardering/CVB_Table_Booklet_Feeding_of_Poultry_-_website_version.pdf

31.     Debnath, D., Sahu, N. P., Pal,  a. K., Baruah, K., Yengkokpam, S., & Mukherjee, S. C. (2005). Present scenario and future prospects of phytase in aquafeed - Review. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 18(12), 1800–1812.

32.     del Río, J. C., Prinsen, P., & Gutiérrez, A. (2013). Chemical composition of lipids in brewer’s spent grain: A promising source of valuable phytochemicals. Journal of Cereal Science, 58(2), 248–254. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2013.07.001

33.     Distillers Grains Technology Council, Composition Analysis of DDGS.University of Louisville. http://www.distillersgrains.org

34.     Dowd, M. K., Boykin, D. L., Meredith, W. R., Campbell, B. T., Bourland, F. M., Gannaway, J. R., Glass, K.M., Zhang, J. (2010). Fatty Acid Profiles of Cottonseed Genotypes from the National Cotton Variety Trials. The Journal of Cotton Science, 73, 64–73.

35.     Drew, M. D., Borgeson, T. L., & Thiessen, D. L. (2007). A review of processing of feed ingredients to enhance diet digestibility in finfish. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 138(2), 118–136. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.019

36.     Eeckhout, W., & De Paepe, M. (1994). Total phosphorus, phytate-phosphorus and phytase activity in plant feedstuffs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 47(1-2), 19–29. http://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(94)90156-2

37.     European Commision (2000). Dioxin contamination of feedingstuffs and their contribution to the contamination of food of animal origin. Assessment, 105. http://ec.europa.eu/food/committees/scientific/out55_en.pdf

38.     Evonik AminoDat4.0 software, provided by Dr. Claudia Figueiredo Silva, Senior Manager Technical Support Aquaculture, Nutrition & Care, Evonik.

39.     FAO (1992). Legume Trees and Other Fodder Trees as Protein Sources for Livestock. Proceedings of the FAO Expert Consultation, held at the Malaysian Agricultural Research, and Development Institute (MARDI), in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 14–18 October 1991, Edited by, Speedy, A. and Pugliese, P.L. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0632e/t0632e00.htm

40.     FAO. (1995). Sorghum and millets in human nutrition. http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0818e/t0818e00.htm

41.     Fedak, G., & De la Roche, I. (1977). Lipid and fatty acid composition of barley kernels. Can.J.Plant Sci. 57, 257-260.

42.     Feedipedia . http://www.feedipedia.org/

43.     Feedstuffs 2015. Ingredient analysis table: 2015 edition. http://feedstuffs.com/mdfm/Feeess50/author/427/2014/9/Feedstuffs_RIBG_Ingredient%20Analysis%20Table%202015.pdf

44.     Fernandes, P., & Cabral, J. M. S. (2007). Phytosterols: Applications and recovery methods. Bioresource Technology, 98(12), 2335–2350. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.10.006

45.     Ferrando, R. (1983). Natural antinutritional factors present in European plant proteins, Qual Plant Foods Hum Nutr 32, 455–467.

46.     Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2004). Mycotoxin regulations in 2003 and current developments. Worldwide Regulations for Mycotoxins in Food and Feed in 2003, 9–28. Retrieved from ftp://ftp.fao.org/

47.     Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2005). Chapter 6. Dietary Carbohydrates: Sugars and Starches. In Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Proein, and Amino Acids (macronutrients), the National Academies Press,pp.265–338. Retrieved from http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/DRI//DRI_Energy/energy_full_report.pdf

48.     Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2005). Chapter 8. Dietary Fats: Total Fat and Fatty Acids. In Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients), the National Academies Press, pp.422–541. http://www.nap.edu/read/10490/chapter/10

49.     Francis, G., Makkar, H. P. S., & Becker, K. (2001). Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture 199, 197-227. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00526-9

50.     Galliard, T. (1973). Lipids of potato tubers. I. lipid and fatty acid composition of tubers from different varieties of potato. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 24, 617–622.

51.     Glencross, B. D., Booth, M., & Allan, G. L. (2007). A feed is only as good as its ingredients - A review of ingredient evaluation strategies for aquaculture feeds. Aquaculture Nutrition, 13(1), 17–34. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00450.x

52.     González-Vega, J. C., Kim, B. G., Htoo, J. K., Lemme,  a., & Stein, H. H. (2011). Amino acid digestibility in heated soybean meal fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 89(11), 3617–3625. http://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3465

53.     Gosch, B. J., Magnusson, M., Paul, N. a., & de Nys, R. (2012). Total lipid and fatty acid composition of seaweeds for the selection of species for oil-based biofuel and bioproducts. GCB Bioenergy, 4(6), 919–930. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2012.01175.x

54.     Grøgaard, H. C. (2011). Extraction and Analysis of Marine Lipids with Emphasis on Phospholipids- Evaluation and Improvement of Methods, (August), 180. Department of Biotechnology thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Retrieved from http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-16767

55.     Gutierrez, L. E., & Silva, R. C. M. Da. (1993). Fatty acid composition of cane molasses and yeasts. Scientia Agricola, 50(3), 473–477. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90161993000300022

56.     Hertrampf, J.W., Piedad-Pascual, F. (2000). Handbook on ingredients for Aquaculture Feeds. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4020-1527-4, ISBN 978-94-011-4018-8 (eBook), DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4018-8.

57.     Hardy, R. W. (2000). New developments in aquatic feed ingredients, and potential of enzyme supplements. Avances En Nutrition Acuicola V. Memorias Del V Simposium Internacional de Nutricion Acuicola, 216–226.

58.     Hardy, R. W. (2010). Utilization of plant proteins in fish diets: effects of global demand and supplies of fishmeal. Aquaculture Research, 41(5), 770–776. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02349.x

59.     Hay, C. R., & Bran, C. (2009). 2009 Feed Composition Tables (all values except dry matter are shown on a dry matter basis). http://beefmagazine.com/site-files/beefmagazine.com/files/archive/beefmagazine.com/images/2009%20feed%20table.pdf

60.     Herrman, T. (1955). Mycotoxins in Feed Grains and Ingredients. Agriculture, 1–8.

61.     Hixson, S. M., & Parrish, C. C. (2014). Substitution of fish oil with camelina oil and inclusion of camelina meal in diets fed to Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua ) and their effects on growth , tissue lipid classes , and fatty acids 1, 1055–1067. http://doi.org/10.2527/jas2013-7146

62.     Feed Composition Tables2009. http://beefmagazine.com/site-files/beefmagazine.com/files/archive/beefmagazine.com/images/2009%20feed%20table.pdf

63.     Itoh, T., Tamura, T., & Matsumoto, T. (1973). Sterol composition of 19 vegetable oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 50(4), 122–125. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02633564

64.     Jensen, N. ., Fiskeindustri, E., & Denmark, E. (1990). Quality of fishmeal: Specifications and uses in aquaculture and fur farming. International By-Product Conference, April 1990, Anchorage, Alaska.

65.     Jumat, S., Mohd Noor, D. A., Nazrizawati, A.T., Mohd Firdaus, M.Y., & Noraishah, A. (2010). Fatty Acid Composition and Physicochemical Properties of Malaysian Castor Bean Ricinus communis L . Seed Oil. Sains Malaysiana, 39(5), 761–764.

66.     Junior, R., W. (2011). Development of alternative-protein-based diets for the intensive production of Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus L., Auburn University, Master Degree thesis pp.34.

67.     Kamm, W., Dionisi, F., Hischenhuber, C., & Engel, K.-H. (2001). Authenticity Assessment of Fats and Oils. Food Reviews International, 17(3), 249–290. http://doi.org/10.1081/FRI-100104702

68.     Kansas State University Research and Extension. Wheat middlings, composition, feeding values, and storage guidelines. http://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/mf2353.pdf

69.     Kaushik, S. J., & Seiliez, I. (2010). Protein and amino acid nutrition and metabolism in fish: Current knowledge and future needs. Aquaculture Research, 41(3), 322–332. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02174.x

70.     Kavitha, O., Anandan, R., S. M. and V. N. (2003). Biochemical Composition and Nutritive Value of Common Fish Feed Ingredients of Plant and Animal Origin. Fishery Technology 40 (2), 121 -126.

71.     Kavitha, O., Anandan, R., S. M. and V. N. (2003). Biochemical Composition and Nutritive Value of Common Fish Feed Ingredients of Plant and Animal Origin. Fishery Technology, 40(2), 121-126.

72.     Kawasaki, K., Ooizumi, T., Hayashi, S., Hayashi, K. (1994). Lipid class and fatty acid composition of liver of firefly squid Watasenia scintillans. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 60(2), 247–251.

73.     Kovalsky, P. (2013). Which mycotoxins should we expect in poultry feed ? Mycotoxin update 2013, BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey 2013. http://www.biomin.net/uploads/tx_news/ART_No12_MYC_EN_0214.pdf

74.     Kumar, V., Barman, D., Kumar, K., Kumar, V., Mandal, S. C., & Clercq, E. De. (2012). Anti-nutritional Factors in Plant Feedstuffs Used in Aquafeeds. World Aquaculture, 64–68.

75.     Lechner, M., Reiter, B., & Lorbeer, E. (1999). Determination of tocopherols and sterols in vegetable oils by solid-phase extraction and subsequent capillary gas chromatographic analysis. Journal of Chromatography A, 857(1-2), 231–238. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00751-7

76.     Li, X., Rezaei, R., Li, P., & Wu, G. (2011). Composition of amino acids in feed ingredients for animal diets. Amino Acids, 40(4), 1159–1168. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-010-0740-y

77.     Li, X., Zhao, L., Fan, Y., Jia, Y., Sun, L., Ma, S., …, Zhang, J. (2014). Occurrence of mycotoxins in feed ingredients and complete feeds obtained from the Beijing region of China. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 5(1), 37. http://doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-5-37

78.     Lim, C., & Yildirim-Aksoy, M. (2008). Distillers dried grains with solubles as an alternative protein source in fish feeds. The 8th International Symposium on tilapia in aquaculture, 67–82. Retrieved from https://ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/ista/ISTA8/ChhornLim.pdf

79.     Limsuwatthanathamrong, M., Sooksai, S., Chunhabundit, S., Noitung, S., Ngamrojanavanich, N., & Petsom, A. (2012). Fatty Acid Profile and Lipid Composition of Farm-raised and Wild-caught Sandworms, Perinereis nuntia, the Diet for Marine Shrimp Broodstock. Asian Journal of Animal Sciences.

80.     Lombaert, G. A., Pellaers, P., Roscoe, V., Mankotia, M., Neil, R., & Scott, P. M. (2003). Mycotoxins in infant cereal foods from the Canadian retail market. Food Addit.Contam, 20(5), 494–504. http://doi.org/10.1080/0265203031000094645

81.     Lorenz, Klaus; Maga, J. (1972). Triticale and Wheat Flour Studies : Compositions of Fatty Acids, Carbonyls, and Hydrocarbons. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 20(4), 769–772.

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83.     Maina, J. G., Beames, R. M., Higgs, D., Mbugua, P. N., Iwama, G., & Kisia, S. M. (2002). Digestibility and feeding value of some feed ingredients fed to tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Aquaculture Research, 33(11), 853–862. http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00725.x

84.     Makkar, H. P. S., & Becker, K. (1999). Plant Toxins and Detoxification Methods to Improve Feed Quality of Tropical Seeds. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 12(3), 467-480. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1999.467

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